تاریخ هرات - History of Herat

هرات د افغانستان دریم لوی ښار دي چې د افغانستان په شمال لویدیځ کې پروت دي. دغه ښار تقریبًا ۳۹۷،۴۵۶ نفوس لري او د هرات د ولایت مرکز دي. د هرات په ښار کې د هري مشهور سیند بهیږي.

Herāt (/hɛˈrɑːt/;[3] Persian/Pashto: هرات) is the third-largest city of Afghanistan. It has a population of about 436,300,[2] and serves as the capital of Herat Province, situated in the fertile valley of the Hari River in the western part of the country. It is linked with Kandahar, Kabul, and Mazar-i-Sharif via Highway 1 or the ring road. It is further linked to the city of Mashhad in neighboring Iran through the border town of Islam Qala, and to Mary in Turkmenistan to the north through the border town of Torghundi.

Herat dates back to the Avestan times and was traditionally known for its wine. The city has a number of historic sites, including the Herat Citadel and the Musalla Complex. During the Middle Ages Herat became one of the important cities of Khorasan, as it was known as the Pearl of Khorasan.[4] It has been governed by various Afghan rulers since the early 18th century.[5] In 1717, the city was invaded by the Hotaki forces until they were expelled by the Afsharids in 1729. After Nader Shah's death and Ahmad Shah Durrani's rise to power in 1747, Herat became part of Afghanistan.[5] It witnessed some political disturbances and military invasions during the early half of the 19th century but the 1857 Treaty of Paris ended hostilities of the Anglo-Persian War.[6]

Herat lies on the ancient trade routes of the Middle East, Central and South Asia, and today is a regional hub in western Afghanistan. The roads from Herat to Iran, Turkmenistan, and other parts of Afghanistan are still strategically important. As the gateway to Iran, it collects high amount of customs revenue for Afghanistan.[7] It also has an international airport. The city has high residential density clustered around the core of the city. However, vacant plots account for a higher percentage of the city (21%) than residential land use (18%) and agricultural is the largest percentage of total land use (36%).[8] Today the city is considered to be relatively safe.[9]