Harvard Referencing Style

Before using this referencing guide you should always consult your unit guide, which may specify variations on this style. If you are still unsure, please check with your unit chair, lecturer or tutor.

The following principles of the Harvard referencing style apply to all sources, including print, electronic and multimedia sources.

The Harvard style consists of two elements:

* in-text citations in the body of the paper that include the author, the date and often a page number

* a reference list at the end of the paper giving full bibliographic details of all in-text citations.

Note that you may not always find an example of the specific source you want to reference. Sometimes you may have to combine elements from more than one section in this guide to determine the correct referencing
format.

1.1 Referencing system

This referencing is based on the ‘Harvard’ system. This system is based on two requirements; the first is to reference in the main body of the text after referring to another person’s work and the second is to compile a list of all references at the end of the text (reference list). The Harvard system is a simple method of quoting references in which names and dates are given in the body of the text and alphabetically listed at the end of the essay / assignment / project. Footnotes may not be used as they are not in keeping with the Harvard Referencing System. When using the Harvard Referencing System do not use footnotes, numbered reference lists, or include references for Wikipedia as this is not an academic source.

1.2 Purpose of referencing

References are a list of all the materials which have been used or cited in the essay / assignment / project with enough detail to allow a reader to find the item with as much ease as possible. It is important that whenever you use the ideas of other writers, or quote directly from their works, that you acknowledge them in the text and in a list of references at the end. They are called references because you have ‘referred’ to that article or book in your text. As others who read your essay / assignment / project may wish to follow up a particular author’s ideas, it is vitally important that all references are complete and accurate.


This app includes:

General Principles
How do I format in-text citations?
How do I compile a reference list?
Group author
No author
No date
Multiple authors of a single work
Citing multiple source at the same point
Repeat citations in the same paragraph
Secondary sources
Multiple publications by the same author in the same year

Book
Reference list entries
One, two or three authors
More than three authors
Chapter in an edited book
e-book
Dictionary or encyclopedia
Work other than a first edition

Periodicals
Print journal article - one to three authors
e-journal article - one to three authors
Journal article - four or more authors
Newspaper article
Newspaper article - no author
Newspaper article - online or database
Review in a periodical

Image
Image from a print publication
Image from a database
Image from a website
Reproducing figures in assignments
Artwork in museum/gallery

Note that referencing styles
for online sources vary at
different institutions, faculties and schools,
as standards are still evolving.
Always consult your unit guide first.

Online, broadcast, video
Social media
Webpage or document from a website
Wiki
Blog
Podcast or streaming video
Film, DVD, video, CD-ROM
Television and radio

Other sources
ABS statistics
Advertisement in a print publication
Brochures, posters, pamphlets
Conference paper
Course materials
Government publications
Legal sources
Media release
Personal communication
Report
Software and games
Standards
Table or chart
Thesis
Translated work