Map Reading Land Navigation

The purpose of this field manual is to provide a standardized source document for Army wide reference on map reading and land navigation. This manual applies to every soldier in the Army regardless of service branch, MOS, or rank. This manual also contains both doctrine and training guidance on these subjects. Part One addresses map reading and Part Two, land navigation. The appendixes include a list of exportable training materials, a matrix of land navigation tasks, an introduction to orienteering, and a discussion of several devices that can assist the soldier in land navigation.
CHAPTER 1. TRAINING STRATEGY
1-1. Building-Block Approach 
1-2. Armywide Implementation 
1-3. Safety

CHAPTER 2. MAPS
2-1. Definition 
2-2. Purpose
2-3. Procurement 
2-4. Security 
2-5. Care 
2-6. Categories
2-7. Military Map Substitutes
2-8. Standards of Accuracy 

CHAPTER 3. MARGINAL INFORMATION AND SYMBOLS
3-1. Marginal Information on a Military Map
3-2. Additional Notes 
3-3. Topographic Map Symbols 
3-4. Military Symbols
3-5. Colors Used on a Military Map

CHAPTER 4. GRIDS
4-1. Reference System
4-2. Geographic Coordinates
4-3. Military Grids
4-4. United States Army Military Grid Reference System 
4-5. Locate a Point Using Grid Coordinates 
4-6. Locate a Point Using the US Army Military Grid
Reference System
4-7. Grid Reference Box
4-8. Other Grid Systems 
4-9. Protection of Map Coordinates and Locations

CHAPTER 5. SCALE AND DISTANCE
5-1. Representative Fraction
5-2. Graphic (Bar) Scales 
5-3. Other Methods

CHAPTER 6. DIRECTION
6-1. Methods of Expressing Direction 
6-2. Base Lines 
6-3. Azimuths 
6-4. Grid Azimuths
6-5. Protractor
6-6. Declination Diagram 
6-7. Intersection
6-8. Resection
6-9. Modified Resection 
6-10. Polar Coordinates

CHAPTER 7. OVERLAYS
7-1. Purpose
7-2. Map Overlay 
7-3. Aerial Photograph Overlay 

CHAPTER 8. AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS
8-1. Comparison With Maps 
8-2. Types
8-3. Types of Film 
8-4. Numbering and Titling Information
8-5. Scale Determination
8-6. Indexing 
8-7. Orienting of Photograph
8-8. Point Designation Grid
8-9. Identification of Photograph Features
8-10. Stereovision

CHAPTER 9. NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT AND METHODS
9-1. Types of Compasses
9-2. Lensatic Compass
9-3. Compass Handling 
9-4. Using a Compass
9-5. Field-Expedient Methods
9-6. Global Positioning System

CHAPTER 10. ELEVATION AND RELIEF
10-1. Definitions
10-2. Methods of Depicting Relief
10-3. Contour Intervals
10-4. Types of Slopes 
10-5. Percentage of Slope
10-6. Terrain Features 
10-7. Interpretation of Terrain Features 
10-8. Profiles 

CHAPTER 11. TERRAIN ASSOCIATION
11-1. Orienting the Map 
11-2. Locations
11-3. Terrain Association Usage 
11-4. Tactical Considerations
11-5. Movement and Route Selection 
11-6. Navigation Methods
11-7. Night Navigation

CHAPTER 12. MOUNTED LAND NAVIGATION
12-1. Principles
12-2. Navigator's Duties 
12-3. Movement 
12-4. Terrain Association Navigation 
12-5. Dead Reckoning Navigation 
12-6. Stabilized Turret Alignment Navigation
12-7. Combination Navigation 

CHAPTER 13. NAVIGATION IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF TERRAIN
13-1. Desert Terrain 
13-2. Mountain Terrain 
13-3. Jungle Terrain 
13-4. Arctic Terrain
13-5. Urban Areas 

CHAPTER 14. UNIT SUSTAINMENT
14-1. Set Up a Sustainment Program 
14-2. Set Up a Train-the-Trainer Program 
14-3. Set Up a Land Navigation Course

APPENDIX A. FIELD SKETCHING
APPENDIX B. MAP FOLDING TECHNIQUES 
APPENDIX C. UNITS OF MEASURE AND CONVERSION FACTORS 
APPENDIX D. JOINT OPERATIONS GRAPHICS
APPENDIX E. EXPORTABLE TRAINING MATERIAL
APPENDIX F.ORIENTEERING
APPENDIX G. M2 COMPASS
APPENDIX H. ADDITIONAL AIDS
APPENDIX I. FOREIGN MAPS
APPENDIX J. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM 
APPENDIX K. PRECISION LIGHTWEIGHT GLOBAL POSITIONING
SYSTEM RECEIVER 
GLOSSARY
REFERENCES